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UK product safety regulations for overseas sellers: GPSR 2005 and OPSS

The short answer

Great Britain is not covered by the EU GPSR. It has its own General Product Safety Regulations 2005: no register, no fee and no filing, but a duty that only safe consumer products are placed on the market. The producer duties fall on a manufacturer established in the UK, else its representative in the UK, else the UK-established person that places the product from outside the UK on the market; the Regulations do not tell an overseas seller to appoint one, and they put the distributor duties on any professional in the supply chain. Local authority Trading Standards enforce, with the Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPSS) for national cases. The worst offences carry up to 12 months in prison and a fine of up to £20,000 on indictment, and in England and Wales a magistrates court can fine without limit. A product-specific regulation, such as electrical equipment or toys, comes first and sets English. Northern Ireland applies Regulation (EU) 2023/988. The government consulted in spring 2026 on a replacement for the 2005 Regulations; none of it is law yet.

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United Kingdom

In Great Britain, a consumer product must be safe, and the law that says so is the General Product Safety Regulations 2005, not the EU’s GPSR. There is no register and no fee. The duties fall on the “producer”, and for a product made abroad the named producer is a business established in the UK. A distributor has duties too. Northern Ireland is different: it applies the EU Regulation. The overview of every UK rule for an overseas seller is on the United Kingdom page.

Great Britain and Northern Ireland have different general product safety laws

Great Britain Northern Ireland
General product safety law General Product Safety Regulations 2005 Regulation (EU) 2023/988Regulation (EU) 2023/988, General Product Safety RegulationThe whole regulationClick opens the law on the EU Publications Office., which superseded the 2005 Regulations there on 13 December 2024
Who bears the producer duties A manufacturer established in the UK, else its UK representative, else the UK-established person that places the product from outside the UK on the market A responsible economic operator established in Northern Ireland or the EU
Who enforces Local authority Trading Standards, OPSS for national cases Local authority Environmental Health, OPSS

The OPSS guidance for each part is the Great Britain guidance and the Northern Ireland guidance. OPSS says the EU Regulation does not apply to products placed on or made available to the Great Britain market (OPSS, detailed guidance). legislation.gov.uk still carries a Northern Ireland text of the 2005 Regulations; OPSS says it was superseded there on 13 December 2024.

A product-specific regulation comes first

The 2005 Regulations are the safety floor. They apply to a product only so far as no specific provision in a “relevant enactment” governs its safety, that is, assimilated law derived from an EU instrument that harmonised the marketing of products. Where a product has specific safety requirements, the 2005 Regulations apply only to the aspects and risks those requirements do not cover (regulation 3). OPSS puts it this way: where the two overlap, the product-specific legislation usually takes precedence (OPSS).

So a toy, an electrical product or a cosmetic follows its own regulation first. The marks, declarations and approved bodies are on the UKCA page; cosmetics are on the UK Responsible Person page. The 2005 Regulations still catch whatever those regulations leave open.

Producer duties fall on someone established in the UK

Regulation 2 defines the producer in several ways:

Producer When
The manufacturer The manufacturer is established in the UK
The manufacturer’s representative established in the UK The manufacturer is not established in the UK and has such a representative
The person established in the UK that places a product from a country outside the UK on the market The manufacturer is not established in the UK and has no UK representative
Other professionals in the supply chain Insofar as their activities may affect the safety properties of a product
Open edge case: any other person presenting itself as the manufacturer by putting its name, trade mark or other distinctive mark on the product, and the person who reconditions the product Regulation 2 reads “the manufacturer of a product, when he is established in the United Kingdom and any other person presenting himself as the manufacturer by affixing to the product his name, trade mark or other distinctive mark”. The text does not say whether “when he is established in the United Kingdom” also limits this limb. The OPSS guidance for Great Britain repeats the wording and does not settle it. If the condition does not reach this limb, a seller outside the UK that puts its own brand on goods is the producer. If it does, that seller is not a named producer

Three points follow from the text.

  • An EU address does not fill the role. The second and third lines require establishment in the United Kingdom. The EU responsible person under GPSR Article 16 is a separate role; the EU responsible person guide covers it.
  • The Regulations do not tell an overseas seller to appoint anyone. The word “representative” appears only in the definition of producer. If no business in your chain is established in the UK, the text names no UK producer for the second and third lines, and nothing in it makes you create one. Two things still apply: your own brand on the product may make you the producer (the open row above), and the distributor duties below sit on a professional in the supply chain without any condition of UK establishment. The government has proposed that some high-risk products would need a UK-based responsible person; that is a consultation proposal, covered at the end of this page, not law.
  • “The market” is Great Britain. The 2005 Regulations’ definition of the market is the market of Great Britain, which is why a Northern Ireland sale falls under the EU Regulation instead.

What the text puts on a professional in the supply chain. Regulation 2 splits professionals in the supply chain in two. Those whose activities may affect the safety properties of a product are producers (line four). A “distributor” is a professional in the supply chain whose activity does not affect them. A distributor must act with due care, must not supply a product it knows or should have presumed, on the information it has and as a professional, to be dangerous, and must help monitor safety by passing on risk information and keeping tracing documents (regulation 8). The duty to notify an enforcement authority of a product known to be unsafe falls on “a producer or a distributor” (regulation 9). Supplying a product the distributor knows or should have presumed dangerous carries the same penalties as breaching regulation 5 (regulation 20). The text does not say how far these duties are enforced against a seller outside the UK. The government’s 2026 consultation says the current regulations cause “difficulties for relevant authorities taking action against overseas sellers” (consultation paper).

The government’s statutory guidelines on disposable BBQs say producers include businesses that manufacture and import products (paragraph 4.1) and that the definition of a distributor includes online marketplaces when acting as a distributor (paragraph 5.1).

What the producer and the distributor must do

Duty Who Regulation
Place only safe products on the market, and not offer, agree to supply, expose, possess for supply or supply an unsafe one Producer 5
Give consumers the information they need to assess risks that are not obvious and to take precautions Producer 7(1)
Show the producer’s name and address and the product reference or batch on the product or packaging, except where that is not reasonable Producer 7(4)(a)
Be informed of risks and act, including sample testing and a complaints register where reasonable, and withdraw, warn or, as a last resort, recall Producer 7(3), (4)
Act with due care, not supply a product it knows or should have presumed is dangerous, keep documents that trace the origin and cooperate Distributor 8
Notify an enforcement authority in writing, forthwith, of a product known to be unsafe, and cooperate on request Producer and distributor 9

A product that meets a voluntary UK national standard, or an international standard, that the Secretary of State considers appropriate and has published a reference to is presumed safe for the risks it covers (regulation 6). OPSS says designated standards recognised by the government give the presumption in Great Britain, and harmonised standards listed by the European Commission give it in Northern Ireland (OPSS).

Name and address on the product. OPSS accepts, for a limited time, an importer’s details on a document that accompanies a batch where it is not reasonable to put them on each item: shipping documents, the invoice to the GB customer, or the label on the outer packaging. The guidance says this may not be used after 31 December 2027 (OPSS guidance for Great Britain). That is guidance, not text of the Regulations.

English is set by the product’s own regulation

The 2005 Regulations set no language. English is required product regime by product regime. Instructions and safety information for electrical equipment must be in easily understandable English, from the manufacturer (regulation 9) and from the importer (regulation 19). A warning or instructions required to accompany a toy must be marked in English (regulation 20(7)). For other consumer products no single statute sets a language; regulation 7(1) asks for information consumers can use.

Notifying an unsafe product

If you learn that a product you placed on the market or supplied is unsafe, you tell an enforcement authority in writing forthwith, with the action you have taken (regulation 9(1)). For a serious risk the notice must identify the product or batch, describe the risks, give the tracing information and describe the action taken (regulation 9(3)). It is not required for isolated circumstances or products (regulation 9(2)).

Trading Standards and OPSS enforce

Every English, Welsh and Scottish council named in regulation 10 must enforce the Regulations in its area, and the Secretary of State is an enforcement authority too. OPSS enforcement staff investigate allegations that are national, novel or contentious in scope (OPSS). Authorities act in proportion to the seriousness of the risk and encourage voluntary action first, except where a product poses a serious risk (regulation 10(5)).

An authority with reasonable grounds can serve one of five notices:

Notice What it does Regulation
Suspension Bars placing on the market and supplying while safety checks are done 11
Requirement to mark Orders warnings on the product, or conditions before marketing 12
Requirement to warn Orders warnings to people already supplied, or published 13
Withdrawal Bars placing on the market and supplying a dangerous product 14
Recall Requires reasonable endeavours to organise the return of a dangerous product from consumers 15

A safety notice has effect throughout the United Kingdom (regulation 16(3)). You can apply to a court to vary or set one aside within 21 days of service, and within seven days to suspend a recall notice while you do (regulation 17). Before a recall notice the authority must give at least ten days’ notice of its intention, and you can require it to take the advice of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, at your cost (regulation 15(4), (6)). The ten-day notice, and the test that your own action is unsatisfactory or insufficient, do not apply to a serious risk needing urgent action (regulation 15(5)). A court can also forfeit a dangerous product (regulation 18).

What a breach costs

Breach On conviction
Placing an unsafe product on the market or supplying one (reg. 5); a distributor supplying a product it knows or should have presumed dangerous (reg. 8(1)(a)); contravening a safety notice (reg. 20(4)) Indictment: up to 12 months in prison, a fine up to £20,000, or both. Summary: up to 3 months, a fine up to the statutory maximum, or both
Consumer information (reg. 7(1)); a reg. 7(4) measure such as the producer’s name and address (reg. 7(3)); distributor monitoring and traceability (reg. 8(1)(b)); notifying an authority of a product known to be unsafe (reg. 9(1)), including where the business ought to have known Summary only: up to 3 months, a fine up to level 5, or both
Not answering a Secretary of State information notice (reg. 28) Summary: a fine up to level 5. Giving information you know, or recklessly give, to be false in a material particular: a fine on indictment, and on summary conviction a fine up to the statutory maximum

The figures come from regulation 20. The ceilings on summary fines depend on where the case is heard:

Further points on prosecution and enforcement:

  • Due diligence is a defence. It is a defence to show you took all reasonable steps and exercised all due diligence to avoid the offence. Relying on information from someone else needs notice to the prosecutor seven clear days before the hearing and a showing that the reliance was reasonable (regulation 29).
  • The person behind the act answers too. Where an offence is due to another person’s act or default in the course of a commercial activity, that other person is guilty of it (regulation 31(1)). A director, manager or similar officer is guilty alongside the company where the offence was committed with their consent or connivance or is attributable to their neglect (regulation 31(2)).
  • Costs. A court can order the convicted person to reimburse the authority’s seizure and forfeiture expenses (regulation 27).
  • Compensation. If a suspension, withdrawal or recall notice was not justified, the authority pays compensation for the loss it caused, unless it came from your own neglect or default (regulation 16(4) to (6)).

The EU side of fines, country by country, is in GPSR fines.

Statutory guidelines sharpen the test for named products

Under regulation 6(3)(c) the Secretary of State can publish guidelines on how to assess a product’s safety, and a business must take them into account. Two are published:

  • E-bike batteries (12 December 2024). A lithium-ion battery for an e-bike or conversion kit must have a safety mechanism, such as a battery management system, capable of preventing thermal runaway in normal use and foreseeable misuse (guidelines, section 4).
  • Disposable barbecues (14 August 2026). On 14 August 2026 the government’s view, given drought and heatwave conditions, was that disposable barbecues cannot be considered safe and must not be made available for sale in store or online at the current time (paragraph 3.3). On the guidelines were still in force, unchanged since 14 August. While they stand, a disposable barbecue is not a safe product in Great Britain, and a producer or distributor that does not take them into account is in breach of its responsibilities (paragraphs 3.3 and 6.4, guidelines). They will be withdrawn as the weather changes enough to reduce the risks.

What is coming is proposed, not law

Some of what follows is already law, but none of it has replaced the 2005 Regulations. The general rules on producers, distributors and online marketplaces are still proposals.

  • The Product Regulation and Metrology Act 2025. It came into force on 21 July 2025 (section 15). It lets the Secretary of State make regulations on product requirements, including for marketing through an online marketplace and for authorised representatives, and put them on persons who control an online marketplace (section 2). A criminal offence created by regulations under the Act carries, on summary conviction in England and Wales, a fine or up to 3 months in prison, or both, and on indictment a fine or up to 2 years, or both (section 3(11)). The regulations may also give authorities the power to impose civil sanctions, including fines (section 3(9)(c)).
  • Regulations made under it so far deal with single product groups or with approved bodies, and none touches the 2005 Regulations: outdoor noise (SI 2025/1073, in force ), ecodesign (SI 2026/750, in force ), machinery (SI 2026/867, in force ) and the treatment of Indian conformity assessment bodies (SI 2026/40, made , in force when the UK-India trade agreement enters into force). The UKCA page covers them. As of 5 October 2026 no regulation under the Act covers general product safety, online marketplaces or a UK responsible person.
  • The consultation on a new core framework. OPSS and the Department for Business and Trade ran three consultations from 31 March to 23 June 2026; two matter here (the framework and market surveillance and enforcement). They propose duties on three groups, producers, onward suppliers and online marketplaces. The producer group would include, where there is no UK manufacturer, representative or importer, the person making the offer in a distance sale from outside the UK, such as an overseas seller. The paper says a UK-based responsible person may be appropriate for some high-risk products, which would mean an overseas seller appointing a UK authorised representative or agreeing terms with an importer. It also proposes civil monetary penalties. The page was marked “We are analysing your feedback” on 5 October 2026: no government response and no draft regulations have been published. The paper says the response would come within 12 weeks of 23 June 2026 and that transitional arrangements would be considered.

Northern Ireland applies the EU Regulation

A product placed on the Northern Ireland market is under Regulation (EU) 2023/988Regulation (EU) 2023/988, General Product Safety RegulationThe whole regulationClick opens the law on the EU Publications Office., which has applied there since 13 December 2024, and the new Product Liability Directive (EU) 2024/2853Directive (EU) 2024/2853, Product Liability DirectiveThe whole regulationClick opens the law on the EU Publications Office. will apply there to relevant products placed on the market after 9 December 2026 (OPSS). Local authority Environmental Health enforces with OPSS, an unsafe Northern Ireland product is also notified to a UK authority (OPSS notification guidance, section 2), and a product that meets the rules in Northern Ireland can be sold in the rest of the UK under the UK Internal Market Act 2020.

The rules themselves are in the EU guides: GPSR, and for its reach where GPSR applies and EU responsible person, and the product liability directive.

What happens if you do nothing

A product that is not safe is an offence the moment it is placed on the market or supplied (regulation 5), whether or not anyone is hurt. Trading Standards or OPSS can suspend, withdraw or recall it with a notice that applies across the UK, and contravening that notice is itself an offence. If you know of the risk and do not tell an authority, that is a separate offence (regulation 9(1)). Your own directors can be prosecuted with the company. Separately, OPSS says manufacturers, and sometimes others in the supply chain, are liable under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, so a person injured or whose private property is damaged by an unsafe product could sue for compensation (OPSS).

What you do from outside the UK

  1. Find the product regulation for your product. If it has one, it sets the marks, the declaration and the English rules first (the UKCA page); the 2005 Regulations cover what it leaves out.
  2. Work out who your producer is. If your manufacturer is not in the UK, it is its UK representative, else the UK-established business that imports the goods, and that business carries the producer duties. The Regulations do not require you to appoint one. If no business in the chain is in the UK, no UK producer is named. Your own brand on the product may make you the producer (the open row in the producer table). Either way, as a professional in the supply chain you carry the duties in regulations 8 and 9: do not supply a product you know or should have presumed is dangerous, keep the documents that trace its origin, and notify an authority of a product you know is unsafe.
  3. Put the producer’s name and address and a product reference or batch number on the product or its packaging, or, until for an importer, on an accompanying document where the OPSS guidance allows.
  4. Keep the information consumers need to use the product safely and, where reasonable, a complaints register and sample testing, with a way to withdraw, warn or recall.
  5. If you learn the product is unsafe, notify the Trading Standards authority in writing at once. With no UK link, write to OPSS at ukproductsafetycp@businessandtrade.gov.uk.
  6. For Northern Ireland, follow the EU Regulation and the EU guides linked in the Northern Ireland section.

The facts for United Kingdom, with their sources

FactValueSourceChecked
Enforcement bodyEvery county, district and London borough council and the Common Council of the City of London and the Council of the Isles of Scilly in England, every county and county borough council in Wales and every Scottish council must enforce the Regulations in its area. The Secretary of State and any other Minister or government department are enforcement authorities too.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 10, Enforcement, and regulation 2, Interpretation
Enforcement bodyAdvice and support come from local authority Trading Standards in Great Britain and local authority Environmental Health in Northern Ireland. OPSS enforcement staff hold similar investigatory powers across the UK and investigate allegations of non-compliance that are national, novel or contentious in scope.OPSS, Product safety advice for businesses (updated 21 July 2026), Product safety advice and enforcement
Enforcement bodyA business with no UK-based legal entity, and so no natural link with a local authority, that has to make a product safety notification, cannot identify a local authority and whose issue does not fall within the remit of the other national regulators listed in Annex A makes it to OPSS by email, at the product safety contact point named in section 5 of the guidance. OPSS then finds the lead authority and contacts the business.OPSS, Product Safety and Noncompliance Notification Guidance for Business, version 3, February 2026, section 5, Non-UK-based Businesses
PenaltyPlacing a product on the market that is not safe, or offering, agreeing, exposing, possessing for supply or supplying it (regulation 5); a distributor supplying a product it knows or should have presumed is dangerous (regulation 8(1)(a)); and contravening a safety notice (regulation 20(4)): on conviction on indictment up to 12 months in prison or a fine up to £20,000, or both; on summary conviction up to 3 months in prison or a fine up to the statutory maximum, or both.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 20, Offences
PenaltyBreaching regulation 7(1) (consumer information), 7(3) (failing a regulation 7(4) measure, such as the producer name and address or sample testing), 8(1)(b) (distributor monitoring and traceability) or 9(1) (notifying an enforcement authority of a product known to be unsafe), and failing to notify under regulation 9(1) where the producer or distributor ought to have known: summary conviction only, up to 3 months in prison or a fine up to level 5 on the standard scale, or both.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 20, Offences, paragraphs (2) and (3)
PenaltyIn England and Wales a magistrates court can impose a fine of any amount where an offence committed on or after 12 March 2015 is punishable on summary conviction by a fine of £5,000 or more, however expressed. Level 5 on the standard scale is £5,000, and the statutory maximum in England and Wales is the prescribed sum of £5,000, so the summary fines in regulation 20 are unlimited there. The £20,000 figure applies to conviction on indictment.Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, section 85, Removal of limit on certain fines on conviction by magistrates' court (with Sentencing Act 2020, section 122(1) and (3), and Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, section 32(9))
PenaltyIn Scotland the statutory maximum is £10,000 and level 5 on the standard scale is £5,000.Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, section 225, Penalties: standard scale, prescribed sum and uprating, subsections (2) and (8)
National ruleA producer is the manufacturer of a product when it is established in the United Kingdom, and any other person presenting itself as the manufacturer by putting its name, trade mark or other distinctive mark on the product, or the person who reconditions the product. When the manufacturer is not established in the United Kingdom, the producer is its representative established in the United Kingdom if it has one; in any other case it is the person established in the United Kingdom that places a product from a country outside the United Kingdom on the market. Other professionals in the supply chain are producers insofar as their activities may affect the safety properties of the product. The text does not say whether the condition that the manufacturer is established in the United Kingdom also limits the limb for a person presenting itself as the manufacturer. "The market" means the market of Great Britain.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 2, Interpretation (England, Wales and Scotland text)
National ruleThe Regulations apply to a product only so far as no specific provision in a relevant enactment (assimilated law derived from an EU instrument harmonising the conditions for marketing products) governs its safety. Where a product is subject to specific safety requirements in such an enactment, the Regulations apply only to the aspects and risks it does not cover; the definition of a safe product and regulations 5 and 6 then do not apply to the risks the specific provision covers.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 3, Application
National ruleIn Northern Ireland the General Product Safety Regulations 2005 were superseded on 13 December 2024 by Regulation (EU) 2023/988; the 2005 Regulations continue to apply in Great Britain. The EU Regulation does not apply to products placed on, or made available to, the Great Britain market.OPSS, General product safety regulations: Northern Ireland, and EU Regulation 2023/988 on General Product Safety: detailed guidance, section 2, Sales in GB
National ruleThe Product Regulation and Metrology Act 2025 came into force on 21 July 2025, the day it was passed, apart from section 11(1) and (3). It lets the Secretary of State make product regulations on the marketing of products, including requirements for marketing through an online marketplace and for appointing authorised representatives, and put them on persons who control an online marketplace and on authorised representatives. The Act sets the powers; the 2005 Regulations are unchanged by it.Product Regulation and Metrology Act 2025, sections 1, 2 and 15
Local representativeThe Regulations do not require an overseas seller to appoint a UK representative or to set up a UK business. They name a UK-established representative or a UK-established person that places the product from outside the UK on the market as the producer where the manufacturer is not established in the UK, and the word "representative" appears nowhere else in the text. The distributor, defined as a professional in the supply chain whose activity does not affect the safety properties of a product, carries the duties in regulations 8 and 9, and neither is tied to establishment in the UK. The government has proposed, for some high-risk products only, a requirement for a responsible person based in the UK; it is a consultation proposal, not law.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 2, Interpretation, and regulations 8 and 9; OPSS and DBT consultation, Product regulation: the UK's new product safety framework (closed 23 June 2026), Local presence requirements
Language of filingThe General Product Safety Regulations 2005 contain no language rule. English is set product regime by product regime: instructions and safety information for electrical equipment must be in easily understandable English (Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016, regulation 9 for the manufacturer and regulation 19 for the importer), and a warning or instructions required to accompany a toy must be marked in English (Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011, regulation 20(7)).Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016 (SI 2016/1101), regulation 9, Instructions and safety information
Filing deadline and frequencyA producer or distributor that knows a product it has placed on the market or supplied poses risks to the consumer incompatible with the general safety requirement must notify an enforcement authority in writing forthwith, with the action taken to prevent risk. Notification is not required for isolated circumstances or products, or for a second-hand product supplied as an antique or to be repaired or reconditioned where the supplier said so clearly. For a serious risk the notification must include the precise identification of the product or batch, a full description of the risks, all information relevant for tracing and the action taken.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 9, Obligations of producers and distributors
Filing deadline and frequencyOPSS guidance lets an importer that finds it not reasonable to put its name and address on each product or its packaging, while adjusting to new arrangements, put them on a document accompanying a batch instead, such as shipping documents, the invoice to the GB customer or the label on the outer packaging. The guidance says these options are for a time-limited period and may not be used after 31 December 2027.OPSS, General Product Safety Regulations 2005: Great Britain (guidance, December 2024), section 6, Obligations of distributors, Can you be contacted easily if there is a problem?
Registration feeNone. The Regulations create no register, registration or fee for a producer or distributor. Money flows only from enforcement: the cost of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators advice a business asks for before a recall notice, the authority's costs of acting on a recall notice that was ignored, recoverable as a civil debt, and court-ordered reimbursement of seizure and forfeiture costs.General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), full text, including regulation 15(6), (10) and regulation 27

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  49. Official source, opened 5 October 2026OPSS, General product safety regulations: Northern Ireland, and EU Regulation 2023/988 on General Product Safety: detailed guidance, section 2, Sales in GB
  50. Official source, opened 5 October 2026Product Regulation and Metrology Act 2025, sections 1, 2 and 15
  51. Official source, opened 5 October 2026Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016 (SI 2016/1101), regulation 9, Instructions and safety information
  52. Official source, opened 5 October 2026General Product Safety Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1803), regulation 9, Obligations of producers and distributors
  53. Official source, opened 5 October 2026OPSS, General Product Safety Regulations 2005: Great Britain (guidance, December 2024), section 6, Obligations of distributors, Can you be contacted easily if there is a problem?