EU VAT rates by country

The standard VAT rate in the EU runs from 17% in Luxembourg to 27% in Hungary. Choose a country to see its standard rate and every reduced, super-reduced, parking and zero rate it lists in TEDB, with the country's own note on what each one covers. All 27 countries are in the table below.

Rates read

Look up a country

One of the 27 EU countries.

Slovenia

The standard VAT rate in Slovenia is 22%.

Each heading is a category from the VAT Directive's lists. The note under it is the one Slovenia entered in TEDB. Slovenia's own law decides what a rate covers, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)). 0% is a zero rate or an exemption: TEDB does not separate them.

Reduced rate 5%

  • Books, newspapers and periodicals.
    Except: supply of material with more than 50 % of space to advertising and music, films, games, including games of chance and lotteries,...Except: supply of material with more than 50 % of space to advertising and music, films, games, including games of chance and lotteries, interactive learning, broadcasting, and events in the fields of politics, culture, art, sports, science, and entertainment Includes also: electronic provision of services via the Internet or an electronic network to access electronic books, periodicals, electronically updated content
  • Rescue equipment.
    Supply of typed fire engines, special protective and rescue equipment, and tools for the performance of firefighting tasks, usually...Supply of typed fire engines, special protective and rescue equipment, and tools for the performance of firefighting tasks, usually intended for use in interventions, which are supplied to public fire services or volunteer firefighting units in firefighting societies. For more information, see articles 59.f to 59.i of the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1.

Reduced rate 9.5%

  • Foodstuffs.
    Except: 0301 11 00 & 0301 19 00; 0106: only live rabbits, frogs, roe deer, partridges, pheasants, and other wild fowl; 1207 99 96: only...Except: 0301 11 00 & 0301 19 00; 0106: only live rabbits, frogs, roe deer, partridges, pheasants, and other wild fowl; 1207 99 96: only pumpkin seed; 1208 90 00: only crumbled or ground poppy seed; 2501 00 10: only salt; 2501 00 91: only salt; 2530 90 70: only sepiolite; 2923 20 00: only lecithin; 2934 99 90: only acesulfame; 3824 99 96: only dietetic salt; 2106: ex. sugar syrups and prep. for making bev. (2106 90 30-59, 2106 90 98); 2202: ex. bev. cont. added sugar or sweeteners
  • Farm inputs.
    • Animals for fattening include domestic animals, normally intended for reproduction and breeding within livestock activities and aquaculture activities, including rabbits and bees. 0511 91 90: only inedible fish eggs Except: 0301 11 00, 0301 19 00, eggs for hatching ornamental birds
    • Seeds and seedlings of agricultural and forestry plants placed on the market in accordance with the regulations governing the trade in seeds and seedlings. Except: 1209 30 00, 1209 99 91
    • Crop production services, crop preparation services, seed treatment services, livestock services, forestry services except forestry consultancy, forest cultivation and protection services, and logging services, services for fisheries and aquaculture, veterinary services for fattening animals
    • Fertilizers
  • Medical equipment.
    • Blood glucose meters and continuous glucose meters, parts and accessories; diagnostic strips meters; sensors transmitters for glucose...Blood glucose meters and continuous glucose meters, parts and accessories; diagnostic strips meters; sensors transmitters for glucose meters; test strips with reagent; mechanical injectors; needles for injector; trigger device with attached lancet; device for inserting sensors; disposable syringe, needles; diagnostic scanning tapes and tests; lancet; insulin pump, reservoir pump; infusion set for insulin pump; threaded push rod; puncture set; pumps as part of an insulin dosing device
    • Children's tricycle for children with motor impairments, wooden chair for children with motor impairment; therapeutic rollers, therapeutic balls, therapeutic exercise boards and therapeutic pillows for children with motor impairments; room lift and bathroom lift
    • Comments: Including: parts and accessories of the products if they are classified under the same tariff code as the product and the...Comments: Including: parts and accessories of the products if they are classified under the same tariff code as the product and the maintenance and repair of the products Except: please see Article 50 of the Rules on the implementation of the Valued Added Tax Act Wheelchairs and parts and accessories for wheelchairs
    • Aids for the blind and partially sighted: spectacles for the correction of vision; spectacle lenses; binoculars for the visually impaired; magnifying glasses for the visually impaired; lenses and Fresnel prisms and accessories for prisms; contact lenses; sticks for the blind
    • Stoma accessories: bags cut into shapes for colostomy, ileostomy and urostomy; adhesive leather linings or tiles; leather putties and adhesives; bags fort the small intestine, large intestine, or urinary tract; adapters; adapters in combination with various bags
    • Devices for urinary incontinence, urine bags, patient liners, knitted mesh underpants for the installation of incontinence inserts
    • Probes (rectal, duodenal, nutritional, and gastric), cannulas and catheters, including accessories and parts suitable for use solely with these products
    • Electrical stimulators for faecal and urinary incontinence and musculoskeletal stimulators
    • Breathing apparatus; maximum expiratory flow meter (PEF) for monitoring lung disease
    • Orthopaedic appliances, including crutches, surgical and hernia belts; braces and other fracture aids; artificial body parts; hearing aids and other appliances worn on the body or incorporated into the body to remedy a defect or disability
    • Custom-made orthopaedic shoes and temporary shoes intended for use after major operations on the feet
    • Gels for use in childbirth
    • Breast prosthesis
    • Trolley-driving gloves: stump covers, therapeutic compression stockings if they have a compression ratio of 18 mmHg or more
  • Medicines.
    3002:only antiserums, fractions of blood and immunological products for treatment; vaccines; toxins; microbiological cultures (except...3002:only antiserums, fractions of blood and immunological products for treatment; vaccines; toxins; microbiological cultures (except yeasts); viruses, antiviral drugs and bacteriophages; 3822: only diagnostic reagents; 3926 90 97: only sheath contraceptives; 3924 90 00 and 4014 90 00: only menstrual cups; 9018 90 84 only intrauterine contraceptive device Except: please see Article 49 of the Rules on the implementation of the Valued Added Tax Act
  • Plants and flowers. 1209: only ornamental plant seeds
  • Paintings and drawings. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Pictures, collages and similar decorative plaques, paintings and drawings, executed entirely by hand by the artist, other than plans and drawings for architectural, engineering, industrial, commercial, topographical or similar purposes, hand-decorated manufactured articles, theatrical scenery and studio back cloths (CN code 9701).
  • Original prints. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Original engravings, prints and lithographs made entirely by hand by the artist, in limited numbers.
  • Artists' photographs. In the VATA-1 and the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1, there exists only a descriptive name of services without exact determination by CN and/or CPA codes.
  • Original sculptures. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Original sculptures and statuary in any material, made entirely by the artist.
  • Sculpture casts. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Sculpture casts limited to eight copies and supervised by the artist or his successors.
  • Artists' ceramics. In the VATA-1 and the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1, there exists only a descriptive name of services without exact determination by CN and/or CPA codes.
  • Enamels on copper. In the VATA-1 and the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1, there exists only a descriptive name of services without exact determination by CN and/or CPA codes.
  • Collectors' stamps. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Postage and revenue stamps, postmarks, first-day covers and the like, used, or unused and not current.
  • Imported collections and collectors' pieces. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Importation of collections and collectors' pieces of zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, historical, archaeological, paleontological, ethnographic or numismatic interest (CN code 9705 00 00).
  • Goods over 100 years old. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Goods, other than works of art or collectors' items, that are more than 100 years old.
  • Water supply. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Supply of water.
  • Street cleaning and waste. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Street cleaning, refuse collection and waste treatment, other than by public bodies.
  • Social housing. Housing is part of social policy if it does not exceed 120 m2 in a multi-apartment building or 250 m2 in a single-apartment building, of the usable area of the residential building
  • Passenger transport. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Transport of passengers and their luggage.
  • Hotel accommodation. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Hotels and similar places to stay, holiday accommodation and camping or caravan pitches.
  • Restaurants and catering. Applies to the preparation of meals, supply of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages excluded.
  • Window and home cleaning. 81.22 - only windows cleaning; 81.21 - only cleaning of private households
  • Home care. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Domestic care such as home help and care of the young, elderly, sick or disabled.
  • Cultural events. In the VATA-1 and the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1, there is only a descriptive name of services without exact determination by CPA codes.
  • Writers, composers and performers. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Services of writers, composers and performing artists, and the royalties due to them.
  • Sporting events. In the VATA-1 and the Rules on the Implementation of VATA-1, there is only a descriptive name of services without exact determination by CN and/or CPA codes.
  • Shoe and leather repair. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Minor repairs of shoes and leather goods.
  • Clothing repair. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Minor repairs of clothing and household linen, including mending and alteration.
  • Bicycle hire and repair. Only minor bicycle repairs
  • Hairdressing. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Hairdressing.
  • Funeral services.
    Includes only: burial and cremation; preparing the dead for burial or cremation and embalming, and the services of gravediggers;...Includes only: burial and cremation; preparing the dead for burial or cremation and embalming, and the services of gravediggers; preparation of funeral and cremation rites; rental of equipped premises and mortuaries; transport of deceased, supply of goods directly related to funeral services, provided by the provider of these services.
  • Hand-made tapestries. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Slovenia. The Directive's category reads: Tapestries and wall textiles made by hand from original designs by artists, in at most eight copies of each.

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each Member State, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries for Slovenia are dated 1 July 2026.

Each country defines what a reduced rate covers in its own law, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)), so the rate for a specific product depends on how that law reaches it (what a CN code is). The country's VAT law decides.

All 27 countries

The standard rate, and the lower rates with the VAT Directive's category each one falls under. A category name is a heading, not the scope of the rate: the scope is the country's own note. Each country name opens its full list with those notes, the zero rates and exemptions, and the regional rates.

CountryStandard rateReduced rates and their categoriesSuper-reduced, parking and 0% rates (zero rate or exemption)
Austria20%
10% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering and 6 more
13% Foodstuffs; Passenger transport; Farm inputs; Hand-made tapestries and 8 more
Also a regional rate
4.9% super-reduced: Foodstuffs
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport
Belgium21%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 22 more
12% Foodstuffs; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering; Social housing
12% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3))
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport and 4 more
Bulgaria20%
9% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation
-
Croatia25%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 6 more
13% Medicines; Newspapers; Children's car seats; Hotel accommodation and 6 more
-
Cyprus19%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Children's car seats; Medical equipment and 13 more
9% Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering
3% super-reduced: Books; Newspapers; Periodicals; Medical equipment and 3 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Cultural events
Czechia21%
12% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Periodicals; Children's car seats and 15 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport
Denmark25%-
0% zero rate or exemption: Passenger transport; Social welfare bodies; Writers, composers and performers; Cultural events and 2 more
Estonia24%
9% Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment
13% Hotel accommodation
-
Finland25.5%
10% Newspapers; Periodicals
13.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport and 12 more
-
France20%
5.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 9 more
10% Medicines; Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering and 7 more
Also a regional rate
2.1% super-reduced: Medicines; Newspapers; Periodicals
0% zero rate or exemption: Medical care
Germany19%
7% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 13 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Electricity
Greece24%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 5 more
13% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Children's car seats; Medical equipment and 15 more
Also a regional rate
4% super-reduced: Renovation of a home lived in by a non-owner
13% parking: Farm tools and equipment
0% zero rate or exemption: Medicines
Hungary27%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 7 more
18% Foodstuffs; Cultural events
0% zero rate or exemption: Newspapers
Ireland23%
9% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Restaurants and catering; Hairdressing
13.5% Medicines; Medical equipment; Hotel accommodation; Artists' photographs and 14 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 1 more
Italy22%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 4 more
10% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation and 13 more
4% super-reduced: Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment; Chemical fertilisers and 2 more
Latvia21%
5% Books, newspapers and periodicals
12% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 3 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Sporting events; Medical care; Social welfare bodies; Writers, composers and performers and 1 more
Lithuania21%
5% Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment
12% Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Cultural events
-
Luxembourg17%
8% Plants and flowers; Natural gas; Fossil fuels; Electricity and 12 more
14% Fossil fuels
3% super-reduced: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Children's clothing and shoes and 18 more
8% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
14% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3)); Wine; Solid fuels, mineral oils and fuel wood; Washing and cleaning products and 4 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Passenger transport
Malta18%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 15 more
7% Hotel accommodation
12% parking: Securities custody; Credit management; Short-term hire; Body care services
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport; Radio and TV reception and 3 more
Netherlands21%
9% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 14 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Solar panels
Poland23%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Children's car seats
8% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 25 more
8% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
Portugal23%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 18 more
13% Foodstuffs; Restaurants and catering; Water supply; Fossil fuels
Also a regional rate
6% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
13% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3))
Romania21%
11% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation and 7 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Medical equipment
Slovakia23%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Newspapers; Medical equipment and 6 more
19% Foodstuffs; Restaurants and catering; Electricity
-
Slovenia22%
5% Books, newspapers and periodicals; Rescue equipment
9.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Plants and flowers and 28 more
-
Spain21%
10% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 21 more
4% super-reduced: Exemptions and super-reduced rates (Art. 105a(1))
Sweden25%
6% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 3 more
12% Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering; Hand-made tapestries; Paintings and drawings and 8 more
-

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each EU country, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries are dated 1 July 2026 for 24 countries, 1 January 2026 for Cyprus and Portugal, and 1 January 2025 for Greece.

What the rate types mean

  • Standard: the rate on everything the country has not put on a lower rate or exempted. No EU country may set it below 15% (VAT Directive, Art. 96 and 97).
  • Reduced: a lower rate for goods and services the country lists. TEDB sorts each one into categories that follow the VAT Directive's lists: foodstuffs, medicines, books, passenger transport and so on. The country's own note says what the rate covers there.
  • Super-reduced and parking: two more rate labels in TEDB. A country that has one lists it with its categories, as it does for a reduced rate.
  • 0%: a zero rate or an exemption. TEDB does not separate them, and the Directive treats them differently (Art. 98(2)). The answer for a country shows these apart from the reduced rates. A category can sit at 0% and at a reduced rate, and then both appear.
  • Regional: a rate that applies in only part of a country, for example the Azores and Madeira for Portugal, or Corsica for France. The VAT Directive does not apply to the Canary Islands or to the French territories in Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the overseas departments among them (Art. 6(1)(b) and (c)), so a rate listed for those places is not the country's standard rate. The answer names the region.

Whose VAT rate you charge

Goods already in the EU that you ship to a consumer in another EU country carry the VAT of the country the parcel goes to (Art. 33(a)). The exception is a business established in one EU country whose sales to consumers in other EU countries do not exceed EUR 10,000 this year and did not last year (Art. 59c): it charges the VAT of its own country. A business outside the EU has no such threshold. The one-stop shop lets you declare the VAT of all those countries in one return (Art. 369b): VAT OSS. Parcels imported from outside the EU pay import VAT at the border instead, unless the VAT is declared through the import one-stop shop (IOSS, up to EUR 150; Art. 369l and Art. 143(1)(ca)). The full rules are in EU VAT for online sellers.

A worked example

You ship goods to a customer in Germany. Choose Germany, and on 8 October 2026 this is the answer:

Germany

The standard VAT rate in Germany is 19%.

Each heading is a category from the VAT Directive's lists. The note under it is the one Germany entered in TEDB. Germany's own law decides what a rate covers, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)). 0% is a zero rate or an exemption: TEDB does not separate them.

Reduced rate 7%

  • Foodstuffs. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as live animals, meat, milk and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Medicines. Article 98 (2) and Annex III of the VAT Directive: Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as products for monthly hygiene purposes and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Plants and flowers. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as live plants, bulbs, roots and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Books, newspapers and periodicals. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as printed books, music, maps and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Newspapers. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% e.g. excluding newspapers whose content is harmful to minors or is predominantly devoted to advertising. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Periodicals. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% e.g. excluding periodicals whose content is harmful to minors or is predominantly devoted to advertising. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Collectors' stamps. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Medical equipment.
    • Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as wheelchairs, orthopaedic appliances, human body replacement parts and so. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
    • Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as wheelchairs, orthopaedic appliances, human body replacement parts and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Paintings and drawings. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Original prints. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Original sculptures. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Imported collections and collectors' pieces. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Social welfare bodies.
    • Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical...Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical purposes. VAT reduction not applicable to supply of goods or services to be made within the context of a profitable Business. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical...Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical purposes. VAT reduction not applicable to supply of goods or services to be made within the context of a profitable Business. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Passenger transport.
    • Reduced rate on local transport (within a local community or if the transport distance does not exceed 50 km) and rail-bound transport. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate on local transport (within a local community or if the transport distance does not exceed 50 km) and rail-bound transport. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Cultural events.
    • Reduced rate only on admissions to theatres, concerts and museums, as well as circus performances, performances as performers and transactions directly linked to the operation of zoological gardens. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only on admissions to theatres, concerts and museums, as well as circus performances, performances as performers and transactions directly linked to the operation of zoological gardens. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Hotel accommodation.
    • Only for short-term accommodation. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Only for short-term accommodation. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Medical care.
    • Reduced rate only on the supply of services by dental technicians in their professional capacity and the supply of dental prostheses by dentists and dental technicians. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only on the supply of services by dental technicians in their professional capacity and the supply of dental prostheses by dentists and dental technicians. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Writers, composers and performers.
    • See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Water supply. No reduced rate for bottled water, healing water and steam

0%: zero rate or exemption

  • Electricity. Article 12 paragraph 3 of the German VAT Act contains a list of services falling under the zero rate e.g. the supply of certain photovoltaic power. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.

Out of scope, listed as 0%

  • Radio and TV reception. Public radio and television broadcasting services are out of scope.

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each Member State, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries for Germany are dated 1 July 2026.

An item with a net price of EUR 100 that takes the standard rate carries EUR 19 of VAT, EUR 119 in all. A printed book is in the books, newspapers and periodicals group, which Germany lists at 7%: EUR 100 net carries EUR 7 of VAT, EUR 107 in all. Which group an item belongs to is set by German law, often by CN code.

Run the lookup for Germany to see the answer on the page.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is not in the EU, so TEDB has no rates for it. UK law sets them (Value Added Tax Act 1994, section 2). GOV.UK lists a standard rate of 20%, a reduced rate of 5% and a zero rate of 0%, read 8 October 2026.

Where the rates come from

The rates are those of the Commission's Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), read 8 October 2026. Each EU country enters its own rates and notes. The rates are each country's law, and the country's VAT law decides. Changes made here: the category names are shortened, the CN code lists are left out, and a web link inside a note is removed. Every note is shown in full; a long one opens from its first words.