EU VAT rates by country

The standard VAT rate in the EU runs from 17% in Luxembourg to 27% in Hungary. Choose a country to see its standard rate and every reduced, super-reduced, parking and zero rate it lists in TEDB, with the country's own note on what each one covers. All 27 countries are in the table below.

Rates read

Look up a country

One of the 27 EU countries.

Luxembourg

The standard VAT rate in Luxembourg is 17%.

Each heading is a category from the VAT Directive's lists. The note under it is the one Luxembourg entered in TEDB. Luxembourg's own law decides what a rate covers, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)). 0% is a zero rate or an exemption: TEDB does not separate them.

Reduced rate 8%

  • Plants and flowers.
    - Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms, crowns and rhizomes, dormant - Other ornamental live plants (including their roots), cuttings and...- Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms, crowns and rhizomes, dormant - Other ornamental live plants (including their roots), cuttings and slips - Cut flowers and flower buds of a kind suitable for bouquets or for ornamental purposes, fresh or dried - Foliage, branches and other parts of plants, without flowers or flower buds, and grasses, mosses and lichens, being goods of a kind suitable for bouquets or for ornamental purposes, fresh or dried
  • Natural gas. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Supply of natural gas.
  • Fossil fuels.
    • Natural gas
    • Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons (other than natural gas), liquefied, for use as a power or heating fuel (e.g. LPG)
  • Electricity. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Supply of electricity.
  • Farm inputs.
    Plant protection products authorised by the administration of technical services for agriculture (Administration des services techniques de...Plant protection products authorised by the administration of technical services for agriculture (Administration des services techniques de l'agriculture ASTA) for organic agriculture where the requirements laid down in modified regulation (EC) 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 are met
  • Chemical pesticides.
    Plant protection products authorised by the administration of technical services for agriculture (Administration des services techniques de...Plant protection products authorised by the administration of technical services for agriculture (Administration des services techniques de l'agriculture ASTA) for organic agriculture where the requirements laid down in modified regulation (EC) 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 are met
  • Firewood. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Wood used as firewood, until 1 January 2030.
  • Firewood. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Wood used as firewood, until 1 January 2030.
  • Art, collectors' items and antiques.
    • Tapestries made by hand from original designs provided by artists, provided that there are not more than eight copies of each
    • Wall textiles made by hand from original designs provided by artists, provided that there are not more than eight copies of each
    • Postage or revenue stamps, postmarks, first-day covers, pre-stamped stationery and the like, used, or if unused not current and not intended to be current
    • Pictures, collages and similar decorative plaques, paintings and drawings, executed entirely by hand by the artist, other than plans and...Pictures, collages and similar decorative plaques, paintings and drawings, executed entirely by hand by the artist, other than plans and drawings for architectural, engineering, industrial, commercial, topographical or similar purposes, hand-decorated manufactured articles, theatrical scenery, studio back cloths or the like of painted canvas
    • Original engravings, prints and lithographs, being impressions produced in limited numbers directly in black and white or in colour of one...Original engravings, prints and lithographs, being impressions produced in limited numbers directly in black and white or in colour of one or of several plates executed entirely by hand by the artist, irrespective of the process or of the material employed, but not including any mechanical or photomechanical process
    • Original sculptures and statuary, in any material, provided that they are executed entirely by the artist; sculpture casts the production of which is limited to eight copies and supervised by the artist or his successors in title
    • Collections and collectors' pieces of zoological, botanical, mineralogical, anatomical, historical, archaeological, paleontological, ethnographic or numismatic interest
    • Goods, other than works of art or collectors' items, which are more than 100 years old
    • Individual pieces of ceramics executed entirely by the artist and signed by him
    • Enamels on copper, executed entirely by hand, limited to eight numbered copies bearing the signature of the artist or the studio, excluding articles of jewellery and goldsmiths' and silversmiths' wares
    • Photographs taken by the artist, printed by him or under his supervision, signed and numbered and limited to 30 copies, all sizes and...Photographs taken by the artist, printed by him or under his supervision, signed and numbered and limited to 30 copies, all sizes and mounts included, provided that they denote the intention on the part of their author to produce a work that has exclusively an artistic function (in particular, identity photographs, portrait photographs and photographs taken on the occasion of family celebrations or other events are excluded)
  • Bicycles. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Bicycles, including electric bicycles.
  • District heating. District heating
  • Bicycle hire and repair. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Rental and repair of bicycles.
  • Window and home cleaning. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Window cleaning and cleaning in private households.
  • Household appliances. Repairing services
  • Shoe and leather repair. Repairing services
  • Clothing repair. Repairing services (including mending and alteration)
  • Hairdressing. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Hairdressing.

Reduced rate 14%

  • Fossil fuels. Parking rate Solid mineral fuels; mineral oils; wood other than for use as firewood

Super-reduced rate 3%

  • Foodstuffs.
    • Animal or vegetable fats and oils for human and animal consumption or normally intended for use in the preparation of foodstuffs
    • Waters, including natural or artificial mineral waters and aerated waters, not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter nor flavoured
    • Agricultural salt, salt lick
    • Plants and part of plants, seeds and grains, used for preparing infusions or teas
    • Live Fish, for human and animal consumption or normally intended for use in the preparation of foodstuffs
  • Medical equipment. Medical equipment, aids and other appliances normally intended to alleviate or treat disability, for the exclusive personal use of the disabled, including the repair of such goods
  • Certain farm inputs.
    • Services excluded : leasing and renting of agricultural and forestry machinery and utensils; transport of agricultural and forestry products; felling and logging of trees
    • Semen (other than 0511 10 00) and ova of animals used in agricultural production
    • Rhubarb rhizomes; Asparagus crowns
    • Draft horses
    • Live mules and hinnies
  • Exemptions and super-reduced rates (Art. 105a(1)).
    • Supply of goods and services of a kind normally intended for use in agricultural production but excluding capital goods such as machinery...Supply of goods and services of a kind normally intended for use in agricultural production but excluding capital goods such as machinery or buildings, excluding leasing and renting of agricultural and forestry machinery and utensils, transport of agricultural and forestry products and felling and logging of trees
    • Sewage disposal and treatment and emptying of septic tanks and industrial tanks
    • Refuse collection and waste treatment
    • Supply of goods and services of a kind normally intended for use in agricultural production: - Draft horses - Ova of animals used in agricultural production - Rhubarb rhizomes; Asparagus crowns; Chicory plants and roots other than roots of heading 1212
    • Accommodation provided in hotels and similar establishments, including the provision of holiday accommodation and the letting of places on camping or caravan sites
    • Restaurant and catering services, excluding services involving alcoholic beverages
    • Services provided by writers, composers and performers and the royalties due to them
    • Reception of certain radio and television broadcasting services, excluding reception of adult content
    • Granting the right of access to and use of sports facilities, excluding the supply of sport or physical exercise classes when live-streamed
    • Services provided by undertakers and cremators
    • Admission to shows, theatres, circuses, fairs, amusement parks, concerts, museums, zoos, cinemas, exhibitions, conferences and similar cultural events and facilities, excluding access to the live-streaming of those events or visits or both
    • - Application of new buildings and construction work on new buildings (dwelling used as a principal residence by the owner of the...- Application of new buildings and construction work on new buildings (dwelling used as a principal residence by the owner of the dwelling); - Renovation and repairs : substantial works on housing used as principal residence and (i) constructed more than 10 years prior to the start of the works (ii) newly acquired, the works to be completed in the five years following the acquisition
    • Children clothing, if clearly intended for children of a max. age of thirteen; - Children footwear; for boys up to and included size 40;...Children clothing, if clearly intended for children of a max. age of thirteen; - Children footwear; for boys up to and included size 40; for girls up to and included size 35.5 (35 if half sizes not available) for pumps, and up to and included size 38.5 (38 if half sizes not available) for any other shoe type unless heel hight, sole hight included, exceeds 4 cm
  • Medicines.
    • - Proprietary medicinal products, ready-made medicinal products and medicinal products, as defined in Article 1 of the law of 11 April 1983...- Proprietary medicinal products, ready-made medicinal products and medicinal products, as defined in Article 1 of the law of 11 April 1983 regulating the publicity and marketing of pharmaceutical products - Veterinary medical products as defined in Article 1 of the law of 18 December 1985 concerning veterinary medical products - Pharmaceutical preparations - Products used for contraception, other than those classifiable in 4014 10 00.
    • Products used for sanitary protection: sanitary towels (pads), tampons, panty liners, period panties, menstrual cups, menstrual sponges and similar feminine hygiene products; Sheath contraceptives
    • Sheath contraceptives
  • Water supply. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Supply of water.
  • Sewage and septic tanks. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Sewage disposal and treatment, and emptying of septic tanks and industrial tanks.
  • Refuse and waste treatment. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Refuse collection and waste treatment.
  • Solar panels. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Supply and installation of solar panels on homes and on buildings used for public-interest activities.
  • Passenger transport. Point of departure and point of arrival and transport within the national territory
  • Holiday accommodation. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Short-stay accommodation and the letting of holiday camps or camping sites.
  • Restaurants and catering. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Restaurant and catering services, excluding services involving alcoholic drinks.
  • Books, newspapers and periodicals. Excluding materials with predominately adult content
  • Writers, composers and performers. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Services of writers, composers and performers, and the royalties due to them.
  • Certain radio and TV reception. Excluding reception of adult content
  • Sports facilities. Excluding the supply of sport or physical exercise classes when live-streamed
  • Funeral services. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Services of undertakers and cremators.
  • Access to events and premises. Admission to shows, theatres, circuses, fairs, amusement parks, concerts, museums, zoos, cinemas, exhibitions, conferences and similar cultural events and facilities, excluding live-streaming of those events or visits or both
  • Renovation of an owner-occupied home.
    - Application of new buildings and construction work on new buildings; - Renovation and repairs : substantial works on housing used as...- Application of new buildings and construction work on new buildings; - Renovation and repairs : substantial works on housing used as principal dwelling and (i) constructed more than 10 years prior to the start of the works (ii) newly acquired, the works to be completed in the five years following the acquisition
  • Renovation of a home lived in by a non-owner. Renovation and repairs : substantial works on housing used as principal dwelling and (i) constructed more than 10 years prior to the start of the works (ii) newly acquired, the works to be completed in the five years following the acquisition
  • Chemical fertilisers. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Chemical fertilisers, until 1 January 2032.
  • Children's clothing and shoes.
    - Children clothing, if clearly intended for children of a max. age of thirteen - Children footwear; for boys up to and included size 40;...- Children clothing, if clearly intended for children of a max. age of thirteen - Children footwear; for boys up to and included size 40; for girls up to and included size 35.5 (35 if half sizes not available) for pumps, and up to and included size 38.5 (38 if half sizes not available) for any other shoe type unless heel hight, sole hight included, exceeds 4 cm

Super-reduced rate 8%

  • Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2)). Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons (other than natural gas), liquefied, for use as a power or heating fuel (e.g. LPG)

Parking rate 14%

  • Parking rate (Art. 105a(3)).
    • Wines of fresh grapes with 13% vol. or less (fortified wines, sparkling wines and so-called liqueur wines excluded)
    • Fuels: solid mineral fuels; mineral oils; wood other than for use as firewood
    • Preparations for washing and cleaning
    • Trade advertising material; commercial catalogues and the like; tourist publicity
    • Supply of heat other than supply of district heating; supply of air conditioning
    • Management and safekeeping of securities; management of credit and credit guarantees by a person other than the person who granted the credits
  • Wine. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Wine of fresh grapes with 13 degrees of alcohol or less, except fortified, sparkling and liqueur wines.
  • Solid fuels, mineral oils and fuel wood. Wood other than used as firewood
  • Washing and cleaning products. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Washing and cleaning preparations.
  • Printed advertising. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Printed advertising material, trade catalogues and the like, and tourist publications.
  • Heat, cooling and steam. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Heat, cooling and steam, except heat from certain heating networks.
  • Credit management. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Management of credits and credit guarantees by someone other than the lender.
  • Securities custody. TEDB gives no note on what this covers in Luxembourg. The Directive's category reads: Custody and management of securities.

0%: zero rate or exemption

  • Passenger transport. Article 371 of 2006/112/EC Transport within the national territory where the point of departure or/and point of arrival is/are not within the national territory

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each Member State, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries for Luxembourg are dated 1 July 2026.

Each country defines what a reduced rate covers in its own law, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)), so the rate for a specific product depends on how that law reaches it (what a CN code is). The country's VAT law decides.

All 27 countries

The standard rate, and the lower rates with the VAT Directive's category each one falls under. A category name is a heading, not the scope of the rate: the scope is the country's own note. Each country name opens its full list with those notes, the zero rates and exemptions, and the regional rates.

CountryStandard rateReduced rates and their categoriesSuper-reduced, parking and 0% rates (zero rate or exemption)
Austria20%
10% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering and 6 more
13% Foodstuffs; Passenger transport; Farm inputs; Hand-made tapestries and 8 more
Also a regional rate
4.9% super-reduced: Foodstuffs
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport
Belgium21%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 22 more
12% Foodstuffs; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering; Social housing
12% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3))
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport and 4 more
Bulgaria20%
9% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation
-
Croatia25%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 6 more
13% Medicines; Newspapers; Children's car seats; Hotel accommodation and 6 more
-
Cyprus19%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Children's car seats; Medical equipment and 13 more
9% Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering
3% super-reduced: Books; Newspapers; Periodicals; Medical equipment and 3 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Cultural events
Czechia21%
12% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Periodicals; Children's car seats and 15 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport
Denmark25%-
0% zero rate or exemption: Passenger transport; Social welfare bodies; Writers, composers and performers; Cultural events and 2 more
Estonia24%
9% Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment
13% Hotel accommodation
-
Finland25.5%
10% Newspapers; Periodicals
13.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Passenger transport and 12 more
-
France20%
5.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 9 more
10% Medicines; Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering and 7 more
Also a regional rate
2.1% super-reduced: Medicines; Newspapers; Periodicals
0% zero rate or exemption: Medical care
Germany19%
7% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 13 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Electricity
Greece24%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 5 more
13% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Children's car seats; Medical equipment and 15 more
Also a regional rate
4% super-reduced: Renovation of a home lived in by a non-owner
13% parking: Farm tools and equipment
0% zero rate or exemption: Medicines
Hungary27%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 7 more
18% Foodstuffs; Cultural events
0% zero rate or exemption: Newspapers
Ireland23%
9% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Restaurants and catering; Hairdressing
13.5% Medicines; Medical equipment; Hotel accommodation; Artists' photographs and 14 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 1 more
Italy22%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 4 more
10% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation and 13 more
4% super-reduced: Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment; Chemical fertilisers and 2 more
Latvia21%
5% Books, newspapers and periodicals
12% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 3 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Sporting events; Medical care; Social welfare bodies; Writers, composers and performers and 1 more
Lithuania21%
5% Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment
12% Passenger transport; Hotel accommodation; Cultural events
-
Luxembourg17%
8% Plants and flowers; Natural gas; Fossil fuels; Electricity and 12 more
14% Fossil fuels
3% super-reduced: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Children's clothing and shoes and 18 more
8% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
14% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3)); Wine; Solid fuels, mineral oils and fuel wood; Washing and cleaning products and 4 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Passenger transport
Malta18%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 15 more
7% Hotel accommodation
12% parking: Securities custody; Credit management; Short-term hire; Body care services
0% zero rate or exemption: Foodstuffs; Medicines; Passenger transport; Radio and TV reception and 3 more
Netherlands21%
9% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 14 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Solar panels
Poland23%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Children's car seats
8% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 25 more
8% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
Portugal23%
6% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment and 18 more
13% Foodstuffs; Restaurants and catering; Water supply; Fossil fuels
Also a regional rate
6% super-reduced: Temporary exemptions and reduced rates (Art. 105a(2))
13% parking: Parking rate (Art. 105a(3))
Romania21%
11% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Hotel accommodation and 7 more
0% zero rate or exemption: Medical equipment
Slovakia23%
5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Newspapers; Medical equipment and 6 more
19% Foodstuffs; Restaurants and catering; Electricity
-
Slovenia22%
5% Books, newspapers and periodicals; Rescue equipment
9.5% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Plants and flowers and 28 more
-
Spain21%
10% Foodstuffs; Medicines; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 21 more
4% super-reduced: Exemptions and super-reduced rates (Art. 105a(1))
Sweden25%
6% Foodstuffs; Books, newspapers and periodicals; Medical equipment; Passenger transport and 3 more
12% Hotel accommodation; Restaurants and catering; Hand-made tapestries; Paintings and drawings and 8 more
-

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each EU country, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries are dated 1 July 2026 for 24 countries, 1 January 2026 for Cyprus and Portugal, and 1 January 2025 for Greece.

What the rate types mean

  • Standard: the rate on everything the country has not put on a lower rate or exempted. No EU country may set it below 15% (VAT Directive, Art. 96 and 97).
  • Reduced: a lower rate for goods and services the country lists. TEDB sorts each one into categories that follow the VAT Directive's lists: foodstuffs, medicines, books, passenger transport and so on. The country's own note says what the rate covers there.
  • Super-reduced and parking: two more rate labels in TEDB. A country that has one lists it with its categories, as it does for a reduced rate.
  • 0%: a zero rate or an exemption. TEDB does not separate them, and the Directive treats them differently (Art. 98(2)). The answer for a country shows these apart from the reduced rates. A category can sit at 0% and at a reduced rate, and then both appear.
  • Regional: a rate that applies in only part of a country, for example the Azores and Madeira for Portugal, or Corsica for France. The VAT Directive does not apply to the Canary Islands or to the French territories in Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the overseas departments among them (Art. 6(1)(b) and (c)), so a rate listed for those places is not the country's standard rate. The answer names the region.

Whose VAT rate you charge

Goods already in the EU that you ship to a consumer in another EU country carry the VAT of the country the parcel goes to (Art. 33(a)). The exception is a business established in one EU country whose sales to consumers in other EU countries do not exceed EUR 10,000 this year and did not last year (Art. 59c): it charges the VAT of its own country. A business outside the EU has no such threshold. The one-stop shop lets you declare the VAT of all those countries in one return (Art. 369b): VAT OSS. Parcels imported from outside the EU pay import VAT at the border instead, unless the VAT is declared through the import one-stop shop (IOSS, up to EUR 150; Art. 369l and Art. 143(1)(ca)). The full rules are in EU VAT for online sellers.

A worked example

You ship goods to a customer in Germany. Choose Germany, and on 8 October 2026 this is the answer:

Germany

The standard VAT rate in Germany is 19%.

Each heading is a category from the VAT Directive's lists. The note under it is the one Germany entered in TEDB. Germany's own law decides what a rate covers, often by CN code (Art. 98(4)). 0% is a zero rate or an exemption: TEDB does not separate them.

Reduced rate 7%

  • Foodstuffs. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as live animals, meat, milk and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Medicines. Article 98 (2) and Annex III of the VAT Directive: Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as products for monthly hygiene purposes and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Plants and flowers. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as live plants, bulbs, roots and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Books, newspapers and periodicals. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as printed books, music, maps and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Newspapers. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% e.g. excluding newspapers whose content is harmful to minors or is predominantly devoted to advertising. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Periodicals. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% e.g. excluding periodicals whose content is harmful to minors or is predominantly devoted to advertising. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Collectors' stamps. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Medical equipment.
    • Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as wheelchairs, orthopaedic appliances, human body replacement parts and so. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
    • Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7% such as wheelchairs, orthopaedic appliances, human body replacement parts and so on. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Paintings and drawings. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Original prints. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Original sculptures. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Imported collections and collectors' pieces. Annex 2 of the German VAT Act contains a list of goods falling under the reduced rate of 7%. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.
  • Social welfare bodies.
    • Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical...Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical purposes. VAT reduction not applicable to supply of goods or services to be made within the context of a profitable Business. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical...Reduced rate only applicable to supplies of goods and services of organisations pursuing non-profit making, charitable or ecclesiastical purposes. VAT reduction not applicable to supply of goods or services to be made within the context of a profitable Business. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Passenger transport.
    • Reduced rate on local transport (within a local community or if the transport distance does not exceed 50 km) and rail-bound transport. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate on local transport (within a local community or if the transport distance does not exceed 50 km) and rail-bound transport. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Cultural events.
    • Reduced rate only on admissions to theatres, concerts and museums, as well as circus performances, performances as performers and transactions directly linked to the operation of zoological gardens. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only on admissions to theatres, concerts and museums, as well as circus performances, performances as performers and transactions directly linked to the operation of zoological gardens. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Hotel accommodation.
    • Only for short-term accommodation. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Only for short-term accommodation. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Medical care.
    • Reduced rate only on the supply of services by dental technicians in their professional capacity and the supply of dental prostheses by dentists and dental technicians. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • Reduced rate only on the supply of services by dental technicians in their professional capacity and the supply of dental prostheses by dentists and dental technicians. See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Writers, composers and performers.
    • See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field.
    • See preliminary remarks to “Reduced rates” and the “General comments” field
  • Water supply. No reduced rate for bottled water, healing water and steam

0%: zero rate or exemption

  • Electricity. Article 12 paragraph 3 of the German VAT Act contains a list of services falling under the zero rate e.g. the supply of certain photovoltaic power. For legal certainty please have a look at the German VAT Act.

Out of scope, listed as 0%

  • Radio and TV reception. Public radio and television broadcasting services are out of scope.

Source: European Commission, Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), as entered by each Member State, read 8 October 2026. TEDB's entries for Germany are dated 1 July 2026.

An item with a net price of EUR 100 that takes the standard rate carries EUR 19 of VAT, EUR 119 in all. A printed book is in the books, newspapers and periodicals group, which Germany lists at 7%: EUR 100 net carries EUR 7 of VAT, EUR 107 in all. Which group an item belongs to is set by German law, often by CN code.

Run the lookup for Germany to see the answer on the page.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is not in the EU, so TEDB has no rates for it. UK law sets them (Value Added Tax Act 1994, section 2). GOV.UK lists a standard rate of 20%, a reduced rate of 5% and a zero rate of 0%, read 8 October 2026.

Where the rates come from

The rates are those of the Commission's Taxes in Europe Database (TEDB), read 8 October 2026. Each EU country enters its own rates and notes. The rates are each country's law, and the country's VAT law decides. Changes made here: the category names are shortened, the CN code lists are left out, and a web link inside a note is removed. Every note is shown in full; a long one opens from its first words.